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<title data-rh="true">Kubernetes 概念 | Rancher</title><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://ranchermanager.docs.rancher.com/zh/reference-guides/kubernetes-concepts"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_locale" content="zh"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:language" content="zh"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Kubernetes 概念 | Rancher"><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="本文解释了 Kubernetes 的相关概念，以便让你更好地了解 Rancher 的运行机制。本文仅对 Kubernetes 组件进行了简单的描述。如需了解更多详情，请参见 Kubernetes 组件的官方文档。"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="本文解释了 Kubernetes 的相关概念，以便让你更好地了解 Rancher 的运行机制。本文仅对 Kubernetes 组件进行了简单的描述。如需了解更多详情，请参见 Kubernetes 组件的官方文档。"><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" href="/zh/img/favicon.png"><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://ranchermanager.docs.rancher.com/zh/reference-guides/kubernetes-concepts"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://ranchermanager.docs.rancher.com/reference-guides/kubernetes-concepts" hreflang="en"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://ranchermanager.docs.rancher.com/zh/reference-guides/kubernetes-concepts" hreflang="zh"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://ranchermanager.docs.rancher.com/reference-guides/kubernetes-concepts" hreflang="x-default"><link data-rh="true" rel="preconnect" href="https://30NEY6C9UY-dsn.algolia.net" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com">
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id="关于-docker">关于 Docker<a href="#关于-docker" class="hash-link" aria-label="标题的直接链接" title="标题的直接链接"></a></h2><p>Docker 是容器打包和运行时系统的标准。开发者在 Dockerfiles 中构建容器镜像，并在 Docker 镜像仓库中分发容器镜像。<a href="https://hub.docker.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Docker Hub</a> 是市面上主流的公有镜像仓库。许多企业还创建私有 Docker 镜像仓库。Docker 主要用于管理单个节点上的容器。</p><div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-note alert alert--secondary admonition_LlT9"><div class="admonitionHeading_tbUL"><span class="admonitionIcon_kALy"><svg viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.3 5.69a.942.942 0 0 1-.28-.7c0-.28.09-.52.28-.7.19-.18.42-.28.7-.28.28 0 .52.09.7.28.18.19.28.42.28.7 0 .28-.09.52-.28.7a1 1 0 0 1-.7.3c-.28 0-.52-.11-.7-.3zM8 7.99c-.02-.25-.11-.48-.31-.69-.2-.19-.42-.3-.69-.31H6c-.27.02-.48.13-.69.31-.2.2-.3.44-.31.69h1v3c.02.27.11.5.31.69.2.2.42.31.69.31h1c.27 0 .48-.11.69-.31.2-.19.3-.42.31-.69H8V7.98v.01zM7 2.3c-3.14 0-5.7 2.54-5.7 5.68 0 3.14 2.56 5.7 5.7 5.7s5.7-2.55 5.7-5.7c0-3.15-2.56-5.69-5.7-5.69v.01zM7 .98c3.86 0 7 3.14 7 7s-3.14 7-7 7-7-3.12-7-7 3.14-7 7-7z"></path></svg></span>备注</div><div class="admonitionContent_S0QG"><p>由于 Kubernetes 已经成为了容器管理的主流工具，所以从 Rancher 2.x 版本开始，我们不再支持 Docker Swarm。如果你有使用 Docker 管理容器的需求，可以安装 Rancher 1.6 进行操作。</p></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="关于-kubernetes">关于 Kubernetes<a href="#关于-kubernetes" class="hash-link" aria-label="标题的直接链接" title="标题的直接链接"></a></h2><p>Kubernetes 是容器和集群管理的标准。YAML 文件规定了组成一个应用所需的容器和其他资源。Kubernetes 提供了调度、伸缩、服务发现、健康检查、密文管理和配置管理等功能。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="kubernetes-集群是什么">Kubernetes 集群是什么<a href="#kubernetes-集群是什么" class="hash-link" aria-label="标题的直接链接" title="标题的直接链接"></a></h2><p>集群是可作为一个系统协同工作的一组计算机。</p><p><em>Kubernetes 集群</em> 是使用 <a href="https://kubernetes.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kubernetes 容器编排系统</a>来部署、运维和伸缩 Docker 容器的集群，让你的组织实现应用自动化运维。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="kubernetes-集群中节点的角色">Kubernetes 集群中节点的角色<a href="#kubernetes-集群中节点的角色" class="hash-link" aria-label="标题的直接链接" title="标题的直接链接"></a></h2><p>Kubernetes 集群中的每个计算资源称为一个 <em>节点</em> 。节点可以是裸金属服务器或虚拟机。Kubernetes 将节点分为 <em>etcd</em> 节点、<em>controlplane</em> 节点和 <em>worker</em> 节点。</p><p>一个 Kubernetes 集群至少包含一个 etcd 节点，一个 controlplane 节点和一个 worker 节点。</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="etcd-节点">etcd 节点<a href="#etcd-节点" class="hash-link" aria-label="标题的直接链接" title="标题的直接链接"></a></h3><p>Rancher 在单节点和高可用安装中均使用 etcd 作为数据存储。在 Kubernetes 中，etcd 也是存储集群状态的节点的角色。</p><p>Kubernetes 集群的状态保存在 <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/components/#etcd" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">etcd</a> 中。etcd 节点运行 etcd 数据库。</p><p>etcd 数据库组件是一个分布式的键值对存储系统，用于存储所有 Kubernetes 的集群数据，例如集群协作和状态管理相关的数据。建议在多个节点上运行 etcd，以保证在发生故障时有可用的备份数据。</p><p>即使你可以仅在一个节点上运行 etcd，但 etcd 需要大多数节点（即 quorum）的同意才能更新集群状态。集群需要包含足够数量的健康 etcd 节点，以形成 quorum。假设集群中有 n 个节点，quorum 的数量则需要是 (n/2)+1。如果集群节点数量是奇数，每新增一个节点，都会增加 quorum 所需节点数。</p><p>一般情况下，集群中只要配置三个 etcd 节点就能满足小型集群的需求，五个 etcd 节点能满足大型集群的需求。</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="controlplane-节点">controlplane 节点<a href="#controlplane-节点" class="hash-link" aria-label="标题的直接链接" title="标题的直接链接"></a></h3><p>controlplane 节点上运行 Kubernetes API server、scheduler 和 Controller Manager。这些节点执行日常任务，以确保集群状态和你的配置一致。因为 etcd 节点保存了集群的全部数据，所以 controlplane 节点是无状态的。虽然你可以在单个节点上运行 controlplane，但是我们建议在两个或以上的节点上运行 controlplane，以保证冗余性。另外，一个节点可以既是 controlplane 节点，又是 etcd 节点。</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="worker-节点">Worker 节点<a href="#worker-节点" class="hash-link" aria-label="标题的直接链接" title="标题的直接链接"></a></h3><p>每个 <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/architecture/nodes/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">worker 节点</a>都能运行：</p><ul><li><strong>Kubelets</strong>：监控节点状态的 Agent，确保你的容器处于健康状态。</li><li><strong>工作负载</strong>：承载应用和其他 deployment 的容器和 Pod。</li></ul><p>Worker 节点也运行存储和网络驱动，有必要时也会运行 Ingress Controller。你可以根据需要，创建尽可能多的 worker 节点来运行你的<a href="/zh/pages-for-subheaders/workloads-and-pods.md">工作负载</a>。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="关于-helm">关于 Helm<a href="#关于-helm" class="hash-link" aria-label="标题的直接链接" title="标题的直接链接"></a></h2><p>在 Rancher 高可用安装的场景下，你可以使用 Helm 工具，把 Rancher 安装到 Kubernetes 集群上。</p><p>Helm 是 Kubernetes 的包管理工具。Helm Chart 为 Kubernetes YAML 清单文件提供了模板语法。通过 Helm，用户可以创建可配置的 deployment，而不仅仅只能使用静态文件。如果你需要创建自己的 deployment 商店应用，请参见 <a href="https://helm.sh" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://helm.sh/</a> 上的文档。</p><p>有关 ServiceAccount 和 Cluster Role Binding 的更多信息，请参见 <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kubernetes 官方文档</a>。</p></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/rancher/rancher-docs/edit/main/docs/reference-guides/kubernetes-concepts.md" 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