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---
title: Hardening Guide v2.3.5
weight: 100
---
This document provides prescriptive guidance for hardening a production installation of Rancher v2.3.5. It outlines the configurations and controls required to address Kubernetes benchmark controls from the Center for Information Security (CIS).
> This hardening guide describes how to secure the nodes in your cluster, and it is recommended to follow this guide before installing Kubernetes.
This hardening guide is intended to be used with specific versions of the CIS Kubernetes Benchmark, Kubernetes, and Rancher:
Hardening Guide Version | Rancher Version | CIS Benchmark Version | Kubernetes Version
------------------------|----------------|-----------------------|------------------
Hardening Guide v2.3.5 | Rancher v2.3.5 | Benchmark v1.5 | Kubernetes 1.15
[Click here to download a PDF version of this document](https://releases.rancher.com/documents/security/2.3.5/Rancher_Hardening_Guide.pdf)
### Overview
This document provides prescriptive guidance for hardening a production installation of Rancher v2.3.5 with Kubernetes v1.15. It outlines the configurations required to address Kubernetes benchmark controls from the Center for Information Security (CIS).
For more detail about evaluating a hardened cluster against the official CIS benchmark, refer to the [CIS Benchmark Rancher Self-Assessment Guide - Rancher v2.3.5]({{< baseurl >}}/rancher/v2.x/en/security/benchmark-2.3.5/).
#### Known Issues
Rancher **exec shell** and **view logs** for pods are **not** functional in a cis 1.5 hardened setup when only public ip is provided when registering custom nodes.
### Configure Kernel Runtime Parameters
The following `sysctl` configuration is recommended for all nodes type in the cluster. Set the following parameters in `/etc/sysctl.d/90-kubelet.conf`:
```
vm.overcommit_memory=1
vm.panic_on_oom=0
kernel.panic=10
kernel.panic_on_oops=1
kernel.keys.root_maxbytes=25000000
```
Run `sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/90-kubelet.conf` to enable the settings.
### Configure `etcd` user and group
A user account and group for the **etcd** service is required to be setup prior to installing RKE. The **uid** and **gid** for the **etcd** user will be used in the RKE **config.yml** to set the proper permissions for files and directories during installation time.
#### create `etcd` user and group
To create the **etcd** group run the following console commands.
```
groupadd --gid 52034 etcd
useradd --comment "etcd service account" --uid 52034 --gid 52034 etcd
```
Update the RKE **config.yml** with the **uid** and **gid** of the **etcd** user:
``` yaml
services:
etcd:
gid: 52034
uid: 52034
```
#### Set `automountServiceAccountToken` to `false` for `default` service accounts
Kubernetes provides a default service account which is used by cluster workloads where no specific service account is assigned to the pod. Where access to the Kubernetes API from a pod is required, a specific service account should be created for that pod, and rights granted to that service account. The default service account should be configured such that it does not provide a service account token and does not have any explicit rights assignments.
For each namespace the **default** service account must include this value:
```
automountServiceAccountToken: false
```
Save the following yaml to a file called `account_update.yaml`
``` yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: default
automountServiceAccountToken: false
```
Create a bash script file called `account_update.sh`. Be sure to `chmod +x account_update.sh` so the script has execute permissions.
```
#!/bin/bash -e
for namespace in $(kubectl get namespaces -A -o json | jq -r '.items[].metadata.name'); do
kubectl patch serviceaccount default -n ${namespace} -p "$(cat account_update.yaml)"
done
```
### Ensure that all Namespaces have Network Policies defined
Running different applications on the same Kubernetes cluster creates a risk of one
compromised application attacking a neighboring application. Network segmentation is
important to ensure that containers can communicate only with those they are supposed
to. A network policy is a specification of how selections of pods are allowed to
communicate with each other and other network endpoints.
Network Policies are namespace scoped. When a network policy is introduced to a given
namespace, all traffic not allowed by the policy is denied. However, if there are no network
policies in a namespace all traffic will be allowed into and out of the pods in that
namespace. To enforce network policies, a CNI (container network interface) plugin must be enabled.
This guide uses [canal](https://github.com/projectcalico/canal) to provide the policy enforcement.
Additional information about CNI providers can be found
[here](https://rancher.com/blog/2019/2019-03-21-comparing-kubernetes-cni-providers-flannel-calico-canal-and-weave/)
Once a CNI provider is enabled on a cluster a default network policy can be applied. For reference purposes a
**permissive** example is provide below. If you want to allow all traffic to all pods in a namespace
(even if policies are added that cause some pods to be treated as “isolated”),
you can create a policy that explicitly allows all traffic in that namespace. Save the following `yaml` as
`default-allow-all.yaml`. Additional [documentation](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/)
about network policies can be found on the Kubernetes site.
> This `NetworkPolicy` is not recommended for production use
``` yaml
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: default-allow-all
spec:
podSelector: {}
ingress:
- {}
egress:
- {}
policyTypes:
- Ingress
- Egress
```
Create a bash script file called `apply_networkPolicy_to_all_ns.sh`. Be sure to
`chmod +x apply_networkPolicy_to_all_ns.sh` so the script has execute permissions.
```
#!/bin/bash -e
for namespace in $(kubectl get namespaces -A -o json | jq -r '.items[].metadata.name'); do
kubectl apply -f default-allow-all.yaml -n ${namespace}
done
```
Execute this script to apply the `default-allow-all.yaml` the **permissive** `NetworkPolicy` to all namespaces.
### Reference Hardened RKE `cluster.yml` configuration
The reference `cluster.yml` is used by the RKE CLI that provides the configuration needed to achieve a hardened install
of Rancher Kubernetes Engine (RKE). Install [documentation](https://rancher.com/docs/rke/latest/en/installation/) is
provided with additional details about the configuration items.
``` yaml
# If you intend to deploy Kubernetes in an air-gapped environment,
# please consult the documentation on how to configure custom RKE images.
kubernetes_version: "v1.15.9-rancher1-1"
enable_network_policy: true
default_pod_security_policy_template_id: "restricted"
services:
etcd:
uid: 52034
gid: 52034
kube-api:
pod_security_policy: true
secrets_encryption_config:
enabled: true
audit_log:
enabled: true
admission_configuration:
event_rate_limit:
enabled: true
kube-controller:
extra_args:
feature-gates: "RotateKubeletServerCertificate=true"
scheduler:
image: ""
extra_args: {}
extra_binds: []
extra_env: []
kubelet:
generate_serving_certificate: true
extra_args:
feature-gates: "RotateKubeletServerCertificate=true"
protect-kernel-defaults: "true"
tls-cipher-suites: "TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256"
extra_binds: []
extra_env: []
cluster_domain: ""
infra_container_image: ""
cluster_dns_server: ""
fail_swap_on: false
kubeproxy:
image: ""
extra_args: {}
extra_binds: []
extra_env: []
network:
plugin: ""
options: {}
mtu: 0
node_selector: {}
authentication:
strategy: ""
sans: []
webhook: null
addons: |
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
name: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
name: default-psp-role
namespace: ingress-nginx
rules:
- apiGroups:
- extensions
resourceNames:
- default-psp
resources:
- podsecuritypolicies
verbs:
- use
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: default-psp-rolebinding
namespace: ingress-nginx
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Role
name: default-psp-role
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:serviceaccounts
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:authenticated
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
name: cattle-system
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
name: default-psp-role
namespace: cattle-system
rules:
- apiGroups:
- extensions
resourceNames:
- default-psp
resources:
- podsecuritypolicies
verbs:
- use
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: default-psp-rolebinding
namespace: cattle-system
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Role
name: default-psp-role
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:serviceaccounts
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:authenticated
---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
name: restricted
spec:
requiredDropCapabilities:
- NET_RAW
privileged: false
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false
fsGroup:
rule: RunAsAny
runAsUser:
rule: MustRunAsNonRoot
seLinux:
rule: RunAsAny
supplementalGroups:
rule: RunAsAny
volumes:
- emptyDir
- secret
- persistentVolumeClaim
- downwardAPI
- configMap
- projected
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: psp:restricted
rules:
- apiGroups:
- extensions
resourceNames:
- restricted
resources:
- podsecuritypolicies
verbs:
- use
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: psp:restricted
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: psp:restricted
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:serviceaccounts
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:authenticated
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: tiller
namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: tiller
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: tiller
namespace: kube-system
addons_include: []
system_images:
etcd: ""
alpine: ""
nginx_proxy: ""
cert_downloader: ""
kubernetes_services_sidecar: ""
kubedns: ""
dnsmasq: ""
kubedns_sidecar: ""
kubedns_autoscaler: ""
coredns: ""
coredns_autoscaler: ""
kubernetes: ""
flannel: ""
flannel_cni: ""
calico_node: ""
calico_cni: ""
calico_controllers: ""
calico_ctl: ""
calico_flexvol: ""
canal_node: ""
canal_cni: ""
canal_flannel: ""
canal_flexvol: ""
weave_node: ""
weave_cni: ""
pod_infra_container: ""
ingress: ""
ingress_backend: ""
metrics_server: ""
windows_pod_infra_container: ""
ssh_key_path: ""
ssh_cert_path: ""
ssh_agent_auth: false
authorization:
mode: ""
options: {}
ignore_docker_version: false
private_registries: []
ingress:
provider: ""
options: {}
node_selector: {}
extra_args: {}
dns_policy: ""
extra_envs: []
extra_volumes: []
extra_volume_mounts: []
cluster_name: ""
prefix_path: ""
addon_job_timeout: 0
bastion_host:
address: ""
port: ""
user: ""
ssh_key: ""
ssh_key_path: ""
ssh_cert: ""
ssh_cert_path: ""
monitoring:
provider: ""
options: {}
node_selector: {}
restore:
restore: false
snapshot_name: ""
dns: null
```
### Reference Hardened RKE Template configuration
The reference RKE Template provides the configuration needed to achieve a hardened install of Kubenetes.
RKE Templates are used to provision Kubernetes and define Rancher settings. Follow the Rancher
[documentaion](https://rancher.com/docs/rancher/v2.x/en/installation) for additional installation and RKE Template details.
``` yaml
#
# Cluster Config
#
default_pod_security_policy_template_id: restricted
docker_root_dir: /var/lib/docker
enable_cluster_alerting: false
enable_cluster_monitoring: false
enable_network_policy: true
#
# Rancher Config
#
rancher_kubernetes_engine_config:
addon_job_timeout: 30
addons: |-
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
name: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
name: default-psp-role
namespace: ingress-nginx
rules:
- apiGroups:
- extensions
resourceNames:
- default-psp
resources:
- podsecuritypolicies
verbs:
- use
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: default-psp-rolebinding
namespace: ingress-nginx
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Role
name: default-psp-role
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:serviceaccounts
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:authenticated
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
name: cattle-system
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
name: default-psp-role
namespace: cattle-system
rules:
- apiGroups:
- extensions
resourceNames:
- default-psp
resources:
- podsecuritypolicies
verbs:
- use
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: default-psp-rolebinding
namespace: cattle-system
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Role
name: default-psp-role
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:serviceaccounts
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:authenticated
---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
name: restricted
spec:
requiredDropCapabilities:
- NET_RAW
privileged: false
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false
fsGroup:
rule: RunAsAny
runAsUser:
rule: MustRunAsNonRoot
seLinux:
rule: RunAsAny
supplementalGroups:
rule: RunAsAny
volumes:
- emptyDir
- secret
- persistentVolumeClaim
- downwardAPI
- configMap
- projected
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: psp:restricted
rules:
- apiGroups:
- extensions
resourceNames:
- restricted
resources:
- podsecuritypolicies
verbs:
- use
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: psp:restricted
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: psp:restricted
subjects:
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:serviceaccounts
- apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Group
name: system:authenticated
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: tiller
namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: tiller
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: tiller
namespace: kube-system
ignore_docker_version: true
kubernetes_version: v1.15.9-rancher1-1
#
# If you are using calico on AWS
#
# network:
# plugin: calico
# calico_network_provider:
# cloud_provider: aws
#
# # To specify flannel interface
#
# network:
# plugin: flannel
# flannel_network_provider:
# iface: eth1
#
# # To specify flannel interface for canal plugin
#
# network:
# plugin: canal
# canal_network_provider:
# iface: eth1
#
network:
mtu: 0
plugin: canal
#
# services:
# kube-api:
# service_cluster_ip_range: 10.43.0.0/16
# kube-controller:
# cluster_cidr: 10.42.0.0/16
# service_cluster_ip_range: 10.43.0.0/16
# kubelet:
# cluster_domain: cluster.local
# cluster_dns_server: 10.43.0.10
#
services:
etcd:
backup_config:
enabled: false
interval_hours: 12
retention: 6
safe_timestamp: false
creation: 12h
extra_args:
election-timeout: '5000'
heartbeat-interval: '500'
gid: 52034
retention: 72h
snapshot: false
uid: 52034
kube_api:
always_pull_images: false
audit_log:
enabled: true
event_rate_limit:
enabled: true
pod_security_policy: true
secrets_encryption_config:
enabled: true
service_node_port_range: 30000-32767
kube_controller:
extra_args:
address: 127.0.0.1
feature-gates: RotateKubeletServerCertificate=true
profiling: 'false'
terminated-pod-gc-threshold: '1000'
kubelet:
extra_args:
anonymous-auth: 'false'
event-qps: '0'
feature-gates: RotateKubeletServerCertificate=true
make-iptables-util-chains: 'true'
protect-kernel-defaults: 'true'
streaming-connection-idle-timeout: 1800s
tls-cipher-suites: >-
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305,TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
fail_swap_on: false
generate_serving_certificate: true
scheduler:
extra_args:
address: 127.0.0.1
profiling: 'false'
ssh_agent_auth: false
windows_prefered_cluster: false
```
### Hardened Reference Ubuntu 18.04 LTS **cloud-config**:
The reference **cloud-config** is generally used in cloud infrastructure environments to allow for
configuration management of compute instances. The reference config configures Ubuntu operating system level settings
needed before installing kubernetes.
``` yaml
#cloud-config
packages:
- curl
- jq
runcmd:
- sysctl -w vm.overcommit_memory=1
- sysctl -w kernel.panic=10
- sysctl -w kernel.panic_on_oops=1
- curl https://releases.rancher.com/install-docker/18.09.sh | sh
- usermod -aG docker ubuntu
- return=1; while [ $return != 0 ]; do sleep 2; docker ps; return=$?; done
- addgroup --gid 52034 etcd
- useradd --comment "etcd service account" --uid 52034 --gid 52034 etcd
write_files:
- path: /etc/sysctl.d/kubelet.conf
owner: root:root
permissions: "0644"
content: |
vm.overcommit_memory=1
kernel.panic=10
kernel.panic_on_oops=1
```